Justice

(1) Unequal Access to Care

• Disparities based on socioeconomic status, race, geography, or insurance coverage.

• Example: Rural patients lacking access to specialists or life-saving treatments available in cities.

(2) Bias and Discrimination in Treatment

• Implicit bias leading to differences in diagnosis, pain management, or treatment recommendations.

• Example: Racial disparities in maternal mortality rates.

(3) Inequitable Distribution of Resources

• Limited resources like donor organs, ICU beds, or experimental drugs not allocated fairly.

• Example: Debates over organ transplant priority systems.

• "Two patients need the same heart transplant. One is younger with no family; the other is older but is the sole caretaker for two children. Who should get the heart?" 

(4) Research Inequality

1. • Underrepresentation of women, minorities, or low-income populations in clinical trials.

   • Example: Lack of sex balance in biomedical research affecting drug safety for women.